By including additional energy carriers or more detailed specification of existing carriers a model’s flexibility in representing the energy system increases

Our research indicated that the less detailed (in a specific sector) models, such as the integrated assessment models, tend to be less flexible in changing rapidly to fully renewable energy systems. In contrast, models that include additional energy carriers or more detailed specification of existing carriers (e.g., from low-carbon fuels to biofuels, e-fuels) can better represent the energy system. The figure shows that Calliope and Energy_PLAN project a carbon neutral power generation by 2050 (neutrality scenario) using renewable sources and carbon-neutral fuels. On the other hand, IMAGE, an IAM model, cannot deploy as much renewable energy and achieves the neutrality target by using CCS and BECCS (negative emissions).

Models used

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